Diabetes is a chronic condition that can lead to various health complications, especially affecting the feet. Individuals with diabetes are at increased risk for foot problems, and without proper care, these issues can result in severe consequences, including amputations. Understanding diabetic foot complications is essential for both prevention and effective management.
What Are Diabetic Foot Complications?
Diabetic foot complications are problems that arise in the feet of individuals with diabetes due to high blood sugar levels. The main complications include:
- Peripheral Neuropathy
- Diabetic Foot Ulcers
- Infections
- Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
- Foot Deformities
- Charcot Foot
Peripheral Neuropathy:
Peripheral Neuropathy is a condition that occurs when the peripheral nerves (the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord) are damaged. It often results from prolonged high blood sugar levels. Symptoms may include:
- Tingling or numbness in the feet
- Burning sensations
- Sharp pain or discomfort
Impact: Pain is a signal that something is wrong, helping you notice cuts or wounds on your feet. However, with peripheral neuropathy, the loss of feeling can make it hard for people to detect injuries for an extended period. Without prompt treatment, these injuries can lead to serious infections.
Diabetic Foot Ulcers:
Diabetic foot ulcers are a major consequence of peripheral neuropathy. They develop from open sores or wounds caused by a combination of factors, including nerve damage and poor blood circulation. These ulcers often appear on pressure points, like the heels and balls of the feet, and may go unnoticed because of reduced sensation.
Risk Factors:
- Poorly fitting shoes
- High blood sugar levels
- Foot deformities
Impact: If not treated promptly, foot ulcers can become infected, potentially leading to serious complications, including gangrene and the need for amputation.
Infections:
Infections in the feet are common in individuals with diabetes due to reduced blood flow and nerve damage. Common types of infections include:
- Bacterial Infections: Can occur in open wounds or ulcers, leading to redness, swelling, and pain.
- Fungal Infections: Often seen between the toes, resulting in itching and discomfort.
- Osteomyelitis: A severe bone infection that can result from untreated foot ulcers.
Impact: Infections can spread rapidly and may require hospitalisation or surgery if not treated properly. If an infection develops, you might experience additional symptoms like fever, chills, shaking, redness, and uncontrolled blood sugar levels despite treatment.
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD):
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a common complication of diabetes. It occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the limbs, particularly the legs and feet, become narrowed or blocked.
Over time, high blood sugar levels from diabetes can damage blood vessels and nerves, leading to impaired blood flow. This reduced circulation can result in:
- Pain or cramping in the legs, especially during physical activity
- Coldness in the lower legs or feet
- Weak or absent pulse in the legs or feet
- Sores or wounds that do not heal well
Impact: PAD can hinder the healing of injuries and lead to complications like ulcers and gangrene due to reduced blood flow. This means that even minor injuries can become serious if not treated quickly. If blood circulation deteriorates, the risk of infections and other complications increases.
Foot Deformities:
Foot deformities can develop due to various factors, such as reduced blood supply and loss of sensation. Over time, the bones and tissues in the foot may weaken and misalign, leading to structural changes, which can include conditions like Charcot foot.
Impact: These deformities can cause painful changes in foot structure, such as a collapsed arch or misaligned toe. This can make walking uncomfortable and limit mobility. These problems can lead to foot ulcers and other serious issues if not managed properly.
Charcot Foot:
Charcot foot is a rare condition associated with peripheral neuropathy, where nerve damage reduces sensation in the feet. This can happen when an injury, like a sprain or fracture, goes unnoticed, or from putting too much stress on your foot. Over time, the bones can weaken and break, even without an apparent injury.
As Charcot foot progresses, symptoms may include swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected foot. Eventually, the structure of the foot may change, leading to a collapsed arch and a rounded appearance on the bottom of the foot.
Impact: If not recognised and treated early, it can cause serious problems, including deformities, ulcers, and even amputations.
Prevention and Early Detection
Preventing diabetic foot complications involves a combination of self-care practices and regular medical check-ups. Here are some essential tips for maintaining healthy feet:
1. Regular Foot Checks
Perform daily foot examinations to check for any cuts, blisters, redness, or swelling. Use a mirror to inspect areas that are hard to see, such as the soles of the feet.
2. Maintain Blood Sugar Levels
Keeping blood sugar levels within the target range can significantly reduce the risk of developing foot complications. Work with your healthcare team to create a personalised diabetes management plan.
3. Proper Footwear
Choose well-fitting shoes that provide adequate support and cushioning. Avoid walking barefoot, even at home, to prevent injuries. Consider custom orthotics if you have foot deformities.
4. Foot Hygiene
Wash your feet daily with mild soap and lukewarm water. Dry them thoroughly, especially between the toes, and apply a moisturising lotion to prevent dry skin and cracking. Avoid using lotion between the toes, as this can promote fungal infections.
5. Seek Professional Help
Regular check-ups are essential. Have your feet examined at least once a year by a healthcare provider specialising in diabetic foot care. Early detection of any issues can prevent serious complications.
Conclusion
Diabetic foot complications are a significant concern for individuals living with diabetes, but with proper care and attention, many issues can be prevented or managed effectively. Diabetic foot management is crucial and regular consultations with healthcare professionals can help ensure early detection and intervention.
Nobel Diabetic Foot Care offers integrated services that can help manage all diabetic foot problems. If you’re concerned about your foot health, consider booking an appointment with us to ensure you receive the care you need.
